I. Tóm tắt kiến thức mệnh đề quan hệ
1. Khái niệm
Mệnh đề (Clause) là một phần của câu, được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó. Mệnh đề quan hệ (mệnh đề tính từ) bắt đầu bằng những đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, which, whose, that hay những trạng từ quan hệ: why, where, when.
Ví dụ:
She is the girl that my friend loves. (Cô ấy là người con gái mà đứa bạn tôi yêu.)
Cụm từ “that my friend loves” là mệnh đề quan hệ, bổ ngữ cho danh từ “the girl”.
Xem thêm:
=> MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ (RELATIVE CLAUSE) – CÁCH DÙNG VÀ BÀI TẬP CÓ ĐÁP ÁN
=> MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH TRONG TIẾNG ANH
2. Các đại từ quan hệ cần nắm
2.1 WHO
- Làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ, thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người.
- Cấu trúc: …N (person) + WHO + V + O
- Ví dụ: I told you about the man who is a doctor.
2.2 WHOM
- Làm tân ngữ, thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người.
- Cấu trúc: …N (person) + WHOM + S + V
- Ví dụ: Do you know the boy whom my dad is talking about?
2.3 WHICH
- Làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ, thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật.
- Cấu trúc:
…N (thing) + WHICH + V + O
…N (thing) + WHICH + S + V
- Ví dụ: I love this place which has a lot of delicious street food.
2.4 THAT
- Làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ, thay thế cả danh từ chỉ người và danh từ chỉ vật.
- Các trường hợp dùng “that”:
- Sau hình thức so sánh nhất.
- Sau các từ only, the first, the last.
- N phía trước gồm cả người và vật.
- Sau một số đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng: no one, nothing, nobody, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, all, some, any, little, none.
- Các trường hợp không dùng “that”:
- Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.
- Sau giới từ.
- Ví dụ:
- Tom was the most interesting guy that I have ever seen.
- It was the first time that I heard of this news.
- Nam talked about the people and places that he had visited.
- These books are all that my dad left me.
2.5 WHOSE
- Dùng chỉ sự sở hữu cho cả danh từ chỉ người và vật.
- Cấu trúc: …N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V…
- Ví dụ: Mr. Thomas, whose son has received a scholarship, is a CEO.
Xem thêm:
=> CÁCH RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ TRONG TIẾNG ANH ĐƠN GIẢN
3. Một số trạng từ quan hệ
3.1 WHEN
- Thay thế từ chỉ thời gian.
- Cấu trúc: ...N (time) + WHEN + S + V… (WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
- Ví dụ: Tell her the time when (= at which) we can arrive.
3.2 WHERE
- Thay cho từ chỉ nơi chốn.
- Cấu trúc: …N (place) + WHERE + S + V… (WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
- Ví dụ: Yesterday she came back to the place where her mom was born.
3.3 WHY
- Dùng trong mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ nguyên nhân, thay thế the reason, for that reason.
- Cấu trúc: …N (reason) + WHY + S + V…
- Ví dụ: That is the reason why (= for which) she didn’t go to school.
4. Các loại mệnh đề quan hệ
4.1 Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định
- Đây là mệnh đề chứa các thông tin cần thiết để làm rõ danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ đứng trước và nếu lược mệnh đề này đi thì câu sẽ tối nghĩa.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định được dùng khi có danh từ không xác định và không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách nó với mệnh đề chính.
Ví dụ:
- Do you remember the place where we first met each other?
- The girl who is wearing a blue T-shirt is Susan.
4.2 Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
- Là mệnh đề bổ sung thông tin về một người/ vật/ sự việc đã được xác định.
- Không nhất thiết phải có trong câu, lược mệnh đề đi câu vẫn đủ nghĩa.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định được dùng với danh từ xác định (N riêng, N đi kèm tính từ sở hữu: my, her, his… hoặc N đi với this, that, these, those) và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu phẩy (,).
Ví dụ:
- BTS, who is famous all around the world, is a Korean boy band.
- Her daughter, who is good at Math, is my best friend.
4.3 Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn
a. Dạng chủ động
Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động thì rút thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing).
Ví dụ:
– The woman who stands at the door is my aunt. => The woman standing at the door is my aunt.
– The man who teaches English at her school is Mr.Tony=> The man teaching English at her school is Mr.Tony.
b. Dạng bị động
Dùng past participle (V3) để thay thế mệnh đề đề quan hệ mang nghĩa bị động.
Ví dụ:
– The man who was injured is my neighbor => The man injured is my neighbor.
– The rules that are given in the book are very important. => The rules given in the book are very important.
c. Rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu
Ta rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) khi trước đại từ quan hệ có xuất hiện so sánh nhất, hoặc có các cụm từ: the first, the second, the last, the only.
Ví dụ:
– The last student who comes to class has to water the plants. => The last student to come to class has to water the plants.
– The only thing which was sold yesterday was the car. => The only thing to be sold yesterday was the car.
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5. Một số lưu ý về mệnh đề quan hệ
- Giới từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với whom và which.)
Ví dụ: Mr. John, with whom we studied last year, is a handsome teacher hoặc Mr. John, whom we studied with last year, is a handsome teacher.
- Có thể dùng which thay cho cả một mệnh đề đứng trước.
Ví dụ: Nana can come to my birthday party, which makes me so happy.
- Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng some of, both of, many of, all of, neither of, none of… có thể được dùng trước whom, which và whose.
Ví dụ: I have two sons, both of whom are students.
6. Tổng hợp một số dạng bài tập mệnh đề quan hệ
Bài tập 1: Chọn đáp án đúng trong các câu sau
1. She is interviewing the author________ book is one of the best-sellers this year.
A. which
B. whose
C. that
D. who
2. He bought all the ingredients __________are needed for dinner.
A. which
B. what
C. those
D. who
3. The children, __________parents are great doctors, are smart.
A. that
B. whom
C. whose
D. their
4. Do you know the girl ________we met at the party yesterday?
A. which
B. whose
C. who is
D. whom
5. The exercises which they are doing ________very difficult.
A. is
B. has been
C. are
D. was
6. The person _______next to me kept laughing during the film, _______really annoyed me.
A. having sat / that
B. sitting / which
C. to sit / what
D. sitting / who
7. Who was the first person ________foot on the moon?
A. set
B. setting
C. to set
D. who was set
8. This is the town in ________my parents have lived for over 15 years.
A. which
B. that
C. whom
D. where
9. My mother, ________everyone admires, is a nice woman.
A. where
B. whom
C. which
D. whose
10. The old building_________ is in front of my house is going to be rebuilt next month.
A. of which
B. which
C. whose
D. whom
Đáp án:
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. B
Bài tập 2. Điền WHO, WHICH hoặc THAT vào chỗ trống
1. The women _______ lives next door and is her good friend.
2. The book _______ you gave me is highly informative.
3. Do you know the boys _______ are standing outside the restaurant?
4. The police are looking for the thief _______ got into his house last night.
5. The chocolate _______ you are eating comes from Japan.
6. I have kept the necklace _______ my boyfriend gave me in a box.
7. Lana is a teacher_______ always loves to help other people.
8. This is the best novel ________ we have ever read.
9. The newspaper to ______ my family subscribes is delivered everyday.
10. I gave you a magazine _______ had many photos.
11. I don’t like the boy _______ Sara is going out with.
12. Did you see the beautiful skirt _______ she wore last night?
13. The man _______ she is going to marry is very kind.
14. This is the house _______ was sold yesterday.
15. He wore a mask _______ made him look like Chaplin.
Đáp án
1. who
2. which
3. who
4. who
5. which
6. which
7. who
8. that
9. which
10. which
11. who
12. which
13. whom
14. which
15. which
Bài tập 3. Sử dụng các đại từ quan hệ phù hợp để nối các cặp câu sau
1. The first girl has just come. She knows the truth.
=>
2. I don’t remember the woman. You said you met her at the park last week.
=>
3. The only thing is how to get there quickly. It makes me worried.
=>
4. The most beautiful girl loves dancing. I like her blue eyes so much.
=>
5. He was John. I met him at the supermarket last night.
=>
6. The children often go swimming on Fridays. They usually have a lot of free time then.
=>
7. They are looking for the boy and his dog. They have lost their way in the dark forest.
=>
8. That tree has beautiful flowers. The tree stands near the gate of his house.
=>
9. My wife wants Jean to come to dinner. She is a doctor.
=>
10. The last woman has just returned from the office. I want to talk to her at once.
=>
11. The team will be awarded tomorrow. Their reports are pretty good.
=>
12. The book is an interesting horror story. I was reading it last night.
=>
13. The scientist will never forget the day. He found a strange object on that day.
=>
14. Someone is trying to contact you. She looked for your address two hours ago.
=>
15. The man works for my brother’s company. His daughter is fond of drawing.
=>
Đáp án:
1. The first girl who knows the truth has just come.
2. I don’t remember the woman whom you said you met at the park last week.
3. The only thing which makes me worried is how to get there quickly.
4. The most beautiful girl, whose blue eyes I like so much, loves dancing.
5. The man whom I met at the supermarket last night was John.
6. The children often go swimming on Fridays when they usually have a lot of free time.
7. They’re looking for the boy and his dog that have lost their way in the dark forest.
8. That tree that stands near the gate of his house has beautiful flowers.
9. My wife, who is a doctor, wants Jean to come to dinner.
10. I want to talk to the last woman who has just returned from the office.
11. The team whose reports are pretty good will be awarded tomorrow.
12. The book which I was reading last night is an interesting horror story.
13. The scientist will never forget the day when he found a strange object.
14. The person who looked for your address two hours ago is trying to contact you.
15. The man whose daughter is fond of drawing works for my brother’s company.
Bài tập 4. Nối các cặp sau bằng mệnh đề quan hệ
1. She bought the car. Her mother had recommended it.
2. He lost the pencil yesterday. I bought it for him.
3. Lana called the delivery company. Her friend often uses it.
4. Lam met a young man. I used to work with him for a very long time.
5. Sana called the lawyer. My mother knows her very well.
6. He went on a date with a knowledgeable girl. His mother likes her.
7. We employed a gardener. Nam introduced her.
8. The cake is on the table. My mother bought it.
9. The book belongs to Sara. She found it under the cabinet.
10. The food was yummy. My dad cooked the food.
11. The bike was broken. My grandparents gave me the bike.
12. The robber was arrested. Sam reported him to the police immediately.
13. The teacher was smart and kind. Kathy asked him about her problem.
14. The dancer was very pretty. My younger brother dated her.
15. The secretary is in the post office. Hana always helps her.
Đáp án:
1. She bought the car her mother had recommended.
2. He lost the pencil I had bought for him yesterday.
3. Lana called the delivery company her friend often uses.
4. Lam met a young man I used to work with for a very long time.
5. Sana called the lawyer my mother knows very well.
6. He went on a date with a knowledgeable girl his mother likes.
7. We employed the gardener Nam introduced.
8. The cake my mother bought is on the table.
9. The book Sara found under the cabinet belongs to her.
10. The food my dad cooked was yummy.
11. The bike my grandparents gave me was broken.
12. The robber Sam reported to the police immediately was arrested.
13. The teacher Kathy asked about her problem was smart and kind.
14. The dancer my brother dated was very pretty.
15. The secretary Hana always helps is in the post office.
Bài tập 5. Tìm lỗi sai và sửa lại cho đúng trong các câu sau
1. Cindy is the most beautiful girl whose he has ever met.
2. She can’t speak French, whom is not good for her job promotion.
3. The policeman must try to catch those teenagers whom drive dangerously.
4. The man about who I told you yesterday is coming here today.
5. Mother’s Day is the day where we show love to our mother.
6. Do you know the reason when they should learn English?
7. The woman who she told me the fake news was not a native citizen.
8. New Year Day is the day where family members spend time together.
Đáp án:
1. whose => that
2. whom => which
3. whom => who
4. about who => about whom
5. where => when
6. when => why
7. who she => who
8. where => when
Nguồn: 55+ BÀI TẬP MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ (CÓ ĐÁP ÁN) (langmaster.edu.vn)
